The orange (specifically, the sweet orange ) is the fruit of the citrus species Citrus × sinensis in the family Rutaceae. The fruit of the Citrus sinensis is called sweet orange to distinguish it from that of the Citrus aurantium , the bitter orange . The orange is a hybrid, possibly between pomelo ( Citrus maxima ) and mandarin ( Citrus reticulata ), cultivated since ancient times.
Probably originated in Southeast Asia, oranges were already cultivated in China as far back as 2500 BC. Between the late 15th century and the beginnings of the 16th century, Italian and Portuguese merchants brought orange trees in the Mediterranean area. The Spanish introduced the sweet orange to the American continent in the mid-1500s.
Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates for its sweet fruit, which can be eaten fresh or processed to obtain juice, and for its fragrant peel. They have been the most cultivated tree fruit in the world since 1987,
and sweet oranges account for approximately 70% of the citrus production. In 2010, 68.3 million tonnes of oranges were grown worldwide, particularly in Brazil and in the US states of California and Florida.
The origin of the term orange is presumably the Sanskrit word for "orange tree" (नारङगम्, nāraṅga ), whose form has changed over time, after passing through numerous intermediate languages. The fruit is known as "Chinese apple" in several modern languages. Some examples are Dutch sinaasappel (literally, "China's apple") and appelsien, or Low German Apfelsine. In English, however, Chinese apple usually refers to the pomegranate.
All citrus trees belong to the single genus Citrus and remain almost entirely interfertile . This means that there is only one superspecies that includes grapefruits, lemons, limes, oranges and various other types and hybrids. As the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numerous hybrids, bud unions and cultivars, their taxonomy is fairly controversial, confusing or inconsistent. The fruit of any citrus tree is considered a hesperidium (a kind of modified berry ) because it has numerous seeds, is fleshy and soft, derives from a single ovary and is covered by a rind originated by a rugged thickening of the ovary wall.
Different names have been given to the many varieties of the genus. Orange applies primarily to the sweet orange – Citrus sinensis ( L. ) Osbeck. The orange tree is an evergreen, flowering tree, with an average height of 9 to 10 metres (30 to 33 ft), although some very old specimens can reach 15 metres (49 ft). Its oval leaves, alternately arranged, are 4 to 10 centimetres (1.6 to 3.9 in) long and have crenulate margins. Although the sweet orange presents different sizes and shapes varying from spherical to oblong, it generally has ten segments ( carpels ) inside, contains up to six seeds (or pips ) and a porous white tissue – called pith or, more properly, mesocarp or albedo – lines its rind. When unripe, the fruit is green. The grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range from bright orange to yellow-orange, but frequently retains green patches or, under warm climate conditions, remains entirely green. Like all other citrus fruits, the sweet orange is non - climacteric. The Citrus sinensis is subdivided into four classes with distinct characteristics : common oranges, blood or pigmented oranges, navel oranges and acidless oranges.
Other citrus species also known as oranges are :
-the bitter orange ( Citrus aurantium ), also known as Seville orange, sour orange – especially when used as rootstock for a sweet orange tree –, bigarade orange and marmalade orange;
-the bergamot orange ( Citrus bergamia Risso ). It is grown mainly in Italy for its peel, which is used to flavour Earl Grey tea;
-the trifoliate orange ( Poncirus trifoliata ), sometimes included in the genus (classified as Citrus trifoliata ). It often serves as a rootstock for sweet orange trees, especially as a hybrid with other Citrus cultivars. The trifoliate orange is a thorny shrub or small tree grown mostly as an ornamental plant or to set up hedges. It bears a downy fruit similar to a small citrus, used to make marmalade. It is native to northern China and Korea, and is also known as "Chinese bitter orange" or "hardy orange" because it can withstand subfreezing temperatures; and
-the mandarin orange ( Citrus reticulata ). It has an enormous number of cultivars, most notably the satsuma ( Citrus unshiu ), the tangerine ( Citrus tangerina ) and the clementine ( Citrus clementina ). In some cultivars, the mandarin is very similar to the sweet orange, making it difficult to distinguish the two. The mandarin, though, is generally smaller and oblate, easier to peel and less acid.
Orange trees are generally grafted . The bottom of the tree, including the roots and trunk, is called rootstock, while the fruit-bearing top has two different names: budwood (when referring to the process of grafting) and scion (when mentioning the variety of orange). (From Wikipedia)
Juice recommended
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Orange press juice
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The peach, Prunus persica, is a deciduous tree, native to China, South Asia and North America. It bears an edible juicy fruit also called a peach. The species name persica refers to its widespread cultivation in Persia, whence it was transplanted to Europe. It belongs to the genus Prunus which includes the cherry and plum, in the family Rosaceae. The peach is classified with the almond in the subgenus Amygdalus, distinguished from the other subgenera by the corrugated seed shell.
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Centella asiatica, commonly centella ( Sinhala : ගොටුකොල, gotu kola in Sinhala, Mandukaparni in Sanskrit मधुकपर्णी, Sleuk tracheakkranh in Khmer ស្លឹកត្រចៀកក្រាញ់, Kannada is a small, herbaceous, annual plant of the family Mackinlayaceae or subfamily Mackinlayoideae of family Apiaceae, and is native to India, Sri Lanka, northern Australia, Indonesia, Iran, Malaysia, Melanesia, Papua New Guinea, and other parts of Asia. It is used as a medicinal herb in Ayurvedic medicine, traditional African medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine. Botanical synonyms include Hydrocotyle asiatica L. and Trisanthus cochinchinensis ( Lour. ).
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Carissa carandas is a species of flowering shrub in the dogbane family, Apocynaceae. It produces berry -sized fruits photo that are commonly used as a condiment in Indian pickles and spices. It is a hardy, drought-tolerant plant that thrives well in a wide range of soils. Common names include karonda ( Devanagari : करोंदा), karamardaka ( Sanskrit ), vakkay ( Telugu ), kalakai ( Tamil ). Other names less widely used include: karau(n)da, karanda, or karamda. It is called kerenda in Malaya, karaunda in Malaya and India; Bengal currant or Christ's thorn in South India; nam phrom, or namdaeng in Thailand; and caramba, caranda, caraunda and perunkila in the Philippines. In Assam it is called Karja tenga.
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A pitaya / p ɨ ˈ t aɪ . ə / or pitahaya / ˌ p ɪ t ə ˈ h aɪ . ə / is the fruit of several cactus species. " Pitaya " usually refers to fruit of the genus Stenocereus, while " Pitahaya " or " Dragonfruit " always refers to fruit of the genus Hylocereus.
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Ingredient
The beetroot, also known in North America as the table beet, garden beet, red or golden beet, or informally simply as the beet, refers to any of the cultivated varieties of beet ( Beta vulgaris ) grown for their edible taproots, especially B. vulgaris L. subsp. conditiva. They are among the most commonly encountered varieties in North America, Central America, and Europe.
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Symptoms of inadequate pollination include fruit abortion and misshapen fruit. Partially pollinated flowers may develop fruit which are green and develop normally near the stem end, but pale yellow and withered at the blossom end.
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Ziziphus jujuba (from Greek ζίζυφον, zizyfon), commonly called jujube (sometimes jujuba), red date, Chinese date, Korean date, or Indian date is a species of Ziziphus in the buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae), used primarily as a shade tree that also bears fruit.
Ingredient
The plant is known by a number of different names in English, including Chinese plum and Japanese apricot. An alternative name is ume, from Japanese, or mume, from the scientific name. Another alternative name is mei, from the Chinese name.
In Japan, ornamental Prunus mume cultivars are classified into yabai (wild), hibai (red), and bungo ( Bungo province ) types. The bungo trees are also grown for fruit and are hybrids between Prunus mume and apricot. The hibai trees have red heartwood and most of them have red flowers. The yabai trees are also used as grafting stock. (From Wikipedia)
The carrot (Daucus carota subsp. sativus; etymology: from Late Latin carōta, from Greek καρότον karōton, originally from the Indo-European root ker- (horn), due to its horn-like shape) is a root vegetable, usually orange in colour, though purple, red, white, and yellow varieties exist. It has a crisp texture when fresh. The most commonly eaten part of a carrot is a taproot, although the greens are sometimes eaten as well. It is a domesticated form of the wild carrot Daucus carota, native to Europe and southwestern Asia. The domestic carrot has been selectively bred for its greatly enlarged and more palatable, less woody-textured edible taproot. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) reports that world production of carrots and turnips (these plants are combined by the FAO for reporting purposes) for calendar year 2011 was almost 35.658 million tonnes. Almost half were grown in China.
Ingredient
Cantaloupe (also canteloupe, cantaloup, mushmelon, muskmelon, rockmelon, sweet melon, Persian melon, spanspek (South Africa), or Garma گرما ) refers to a variety of Cucumis melo, a species in the family Cucurbitaceae. Cantaloupes range in size from 500 g to 5 kg (1 to 10 lb). Originally, cantaloupe referred only to the non-netted, orange -fleshed melons of Europe. However, in more recent usage, it has come to mean any orange-fleshed melon ( C. melo ). Cantaloupe is the most popular variety of melon in the United States.
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The roselle ( Hibiscus sabdariffa ) is a species of Hibiscus native to the Old World tropics, used for the production of bast fibre and as an infusion. It is an annual or perennial herb or woody-based subshrub, growing to 2–2.5 m (7–8 ft) tall. The leaves are deeply three- to five-lobed, 8–15 cm (3–6 in) long, arranged alternately on the stems.
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Bael (Aegle marmelos), also known as Bengal quince, stone apple, wood apple, bili, Belada Hannu (ಬೇಲದ ಹಣ್ಣು) in Kannada, Bilva or Bilvapatra (మారేడు (maredu) (Telugu), வில்வம் (Tamil)) is a species of tree native to India. It is present throughout Southeast Asia as a naturalized species. The tree is considered to be sacred by Hindus. Its fruits are used in traditional medicine and as a food throughout its range.
Different names have been given to the many varieties of the genus. Orange applies primarily to the sweet orange – Citrus sinensis ( L. ) Osbeck. The orange tree is an evergreen, flowering tree, with an average height of 9 to 10 metres (30 to 33 ft), although some very old specimens can reach 15 metres (49 ft). Its oval leaves, alternately arranged, are 4 to 10 centimetres (1.6 to 3.9 in) long and have crenulate margins. Although the sweet orange presents different sizes and shapes varying from spherical to oblong, it generally has ten segments ( carpels ) inside, contains up to six seeds (or pips ) and a porous white tissue – called pith or, more properly, mesocarp or albedo – lines its rind. When unripe, the fruit is green. The grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range from bright orange to yellow-orange, but frequently retains green patches or, under warm climate conditions, remains entirely green. Like all other citrus fruits, the sweet orange is non - climacteric. The Citrus sinensis is subdivided into four classes with distinct characteristics : common oranges, blood or pigmented oranges, navel oranges and acidless oranges.
